This website presents my investigations on the cosmological constant Λ, published as
"Die kosmologische Konstante Λ im Zusammenhang mit strukturierter Energie in Form von Materie",  Shaker, Aachen 2018, ISBN: 978-3-8440-5901-4, DOI: 10.2370/9783844059014 

It turns out that the cosmological constant is necessary to represent any entity referred to as “mass” in its essential properties. The scope of the theory ranges from the nucleon to cosmic structural units such as galaxies or groups of galaxies. The theory is based on the basic equations P=βb and E=γt  and uses so called Mach's principle 

 as a guiding principle. Using these equations as axioms, Mach's principle is converted into a quantum mechanical description of correlated pairs on their associated variables. The mass of each structural unit is represented as an “Eigenvalue-problem” of generalized Schrödinger-equations, while the fields are represented as the square of the associated orthogonal eigenfunctions.

In the microcosm, it was possible to calculate both the proton mass and the shape and string tension of the gluon potential.

In the macrocosm, an interpretation of the so-called “Dark matter (DM)” is presented as a collective quantum field with a respective “Hauptquantenzahl N”.
In the model presented, we treat dark matter as a bosonic quantum field rather than as a Boltzmann ensemble of ordinary particles. In contrast to the usual model for “cold dark matter, CDM”, we call our model that of “quantum dark matter, or QDM”.

This quantum field can be treated similarly to a gluon field in the microcosm and is interpreted as the probability density for the appearance of the corresponding “gluon in the macrocosm”. We refer to this quantum field as “dark matter with a rest mass of m0 = 0”. This model made it possible to explain “Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND)” without violating the equivalence principle. The fundamental parameter a0 of MOND is derived directly. It turns out to be a collection of quantum numbers “N,” combined with the usual physical constants. MOND as a phenomenon for the dynamics of galaxies and galaxy clusters is thus naturally embedded within the framework of the theory.

In addition, a theoretical value for the cosmological constant Λ is calculated. This value is 1.3x10-52m-2 and can be used as a “top-down” value for an approach for solution of the so-called “Hubble-Tension”. With a relative mass density of 0.315 and the theoretical Λ, a Hubble-value of h0=0.735 has to be expected. This is indeed confirmed by local observations with standard candles. But for data of "Cosmic Microwawe Background" (CMB) which are extrapolated from a very early state of cosmos into today, the Hubble constant should be h0=0.67. The theory shows that this difference in h0 could be due to the higher energy density for the theoretical cosmological constant on the one hand, but also due to a higher present day density for dark matter. In consequence, this results in a higher critical density in the nearby cosmos. A specific quantum state (with N=3 and a ratio of DM/baryon mass of 5.44) is assigned to DM at the stage of CMB. A higher DM mass-fraction (with N=1 and DM/baryon=8.26) could be assigned to the ground state of DM for infinite time. With the help of simplified Friedmann-trajectories, the Hubble tension could be explained with a decay of collective states “N” for the DM, or a “condensation of DM”, with galaxies as a kind of seed (and a local DM/baryon ratio of 6.75). With this model, and in given parameter space, it was possible to find evidence for rapid galaxy formation. Also a slight fade of an (effective) cosmological constant Λ*  in the course of global time is predicted in new theory. In addition to fast galaxy formation (JWST), the latest observations do indeed seem to indicate a change in Dark Energy (DE) over time (DESI, Euclid). 

In the present theory, a temporal development of the DE proves to be a result of the condensation of DM. It is therefore assigned to DM, but not to DE! This interpretation in a QDM world has decisive consequences for an important astronomical standard measure, the scale of “baryonic oscillations, BAO”. This standard is based on the assumption of a CDM world with a constant baryon/DM ratio. 

A brief statement on the standard interpretation of the observations with the DESI telescope is presented in the “Discussion” section.

This website is organized as follows:

• First, i show an extended introduction of my theory, as a slight show of a text.
• Second, i present a picture set of a power point presentation, with all results in a compact format, (With a maybe naive thought, that a few words, combined with a set of equations are sufficient)
• The third page is planned as chronological discussion of important comments, results and observations. 
• The last page is dedicated to downloading the most important files. This is for your convenience. You find the Introduction and the Slides.